Muon Physics
Newsletter 1 – Muons on Parade
Newsletter 2 – More About Muons
Conceptual Introduction – Muon Physics Muon Physics Brochure
Experiments
Mean Muon Lifetime
Straightforward determinations of average muon lifetime can be made using
the curve fitting software provided. More advanced students can be asked
to create their own curve fitting algorithms.
FINDING THE MUON LIFETIME
The form for the decay time distribution for muons stopped in the scintillator
is characteristic of the decay of radioactive substances with some background
counts.
Additional background counts can be easily induced by bringing a 1 micro-Curie Cs-137
source close to the detector. After measuring and plotting the distribution
of times between successive scintillator flashes, students can fit the
exponential-like distribution and extract the mean muon lifetime (t)
in matter, using either our curve fitting algorithm or their own. (The
data can be exported to third-party software.) The figure below is a screen
capture from the included software and shows a fit to actual student data.
Note that the central value for the muon’s lifetime is less than
the free space value t = 2.197 ± 0.001
µsec. This correctly indicates the effect of nuclear interactions
between protons and negative muons.
Once the muon lifetime is measured, a value of the Fermi
coupling constant GF, characterizing the strength of the weak interactions, is easily determined
from the relation:
Accounting only for statistical error, the student data shown in this brochure yields
GF = (1.18 ± 0.01) x 10–5 GeV–2,
which is consistent with more precise measurements.
Sea-level Charge Ratio
With this instrument, the muon lifetime measured in matter (i.e., plastic
scintillator) is an average over negatively and positively charged muons.
Negatively charged muons have nuclear interactions that slightly lessen
their mean lifetime in matter. Therefore, using the lifetime of negative
muons in carbon taken from the literature (tau = 2.043 ± 0.003
µsec), the sea-level charge ratio of positive to negative muons
at low energy , Eµ = 200 MeV, can be easily determined.
The student data included in this brochure yields a sea-level charge ratio
f+/f– = 1.08 ± 0.01 (32.5° latitude), which is consistent
with published values.
TIME DILATION EFFECT OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY
Once the muon lifetime is measured, the stopping rate as a function of elevation
above sea level can be used to distinguish between the predictions of
classical mechanics and special relativity, providing evidence for the
time dilation effect of special relativity. Although the instrument is
not optimized for this measurement, the simplicity of the measurement
is appealing since it requires no lead shielding. For example, after measuring
the muon stopping rate to a statistical precision of 2% at two locations
vertically separated by 1985 meters, the ratio of these stopping rates
(0.55 ± 0.02) agrees well with a straightforward calculation (0.56
± 0.05) that accounts for time dilation, muon energy loss in the
atmosphere and the differential muon momentum spectrum at sea level.
PREDICTIONS OF PROBABILITY THEORY
The decay times of individual muons are an excellent source of genuinely
random numbers. Once the exponential form of the probability distribution
for these times is measured, students can make predictions about the outcomes
of corresponding binomial experiments. Taking a new data set then allows
a direct comparison between actual data and the predictions of probability
theory.
COSMIC RAY BACKGROUND RADIATION
Included rate monitors measure both the stopping rate of muons and the
combined total charged particle flux (which includes both muons and electrons)
that pass through the scintillator. This data can be used to monitor variations
in cosmic radiation at the geographic location of the observer.
EXPLORE PROCESSING OF PHOTOMULTIPLIER SIGNAL
Probe points are provided along the entire electronic signal chain so
that students can examine the waveforms of the photomultiplier signal,
either real or simulated, at various stages of processing. The photomultiplier
high voltage, the amplifier gain, the threshold setting and the FPGA timing
characteristics are easily measured with an oscilloscope or voltmeter.
Detailed technical information and a copy of the user's manual for Muon Physics can be found at www.matphys.com. The website is maintained by Professors Thomas Coan and Jingbo Ye of Southern Methodist University, with whom TeachSpin collaborated in developing this exciting apparatus.
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